Ichthyological collection of the Museu Oceanográfico D. Carlos I

A peer-reviewed open-access journal

Zookeys 752: 137—148 (2018)

doi: 10.3897/zookeys.752.20086 #7Z,o00Ke y S

http:/ / ZOO keys -pen soft. net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research

Ichthyological collection of the Museu Oceanografico
D. Carlos |

Ana Serra Silva!*?*4, Maria Pitta Groz!,
Paula Leandro!, Carlos A. Assis®*®, Rui Figueira’®

| Aquario Vasco da Gama, Rua Direita do Dafundo, 1495-718, Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal 2. Di-

vision of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK 3 Department of
Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK 4 Institute of Zoology,

Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London NW1 4RY, UK § Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de
Ciéncias, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal 6 MARE—Marine
and Environmental Sciences Center, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal 1 CIBIO/InBIO-Centro de
Investigacao em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Vairao, Portugal 8 CEABN/InBio,

Centro de Ecologia Aplicada “Professor Baeta Neves”, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa,

Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal

Corresponding authors: Maria Pitta Groz (avg.museu@marinha.pt); Paula Leandro (paula.leandro@marinha.pt)

Academic editor: ME. Bichuette | Received 7 August 2017 | Accepted 31 March 2018 | Published 23 April 2018
http://zoobank. ore/FA7 DBFC6-21 ED-4546-AEB1-1508E4351EA3

Citation: Silva AS, Pitta Groz M, Leandro P, Assis CA, Figueira R (2018) Ichthyological collection of the Museu
Oceanogréfico D. Carlos I. ZooKeys 752: 137-148. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.752.20086

Resource citation: Silva AS, Pitta Groz M, Leandro P, Assis CA, Figueira R (2017) Ichthyological collection of the Museu
Oceanogréafico D. Carlos I. 675 records, published online, http://ipt.gbif.pt/ipt/resource?r=codc&v=1.0, released on
18 May 2017. GBIF Key of collection: https://gbifiorg/dataset/6005f3b4-da6a-4d88-ac92-8 1f2e950eb24, Data Paper
https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.752.20086

Abstract

The collection of the Museu Oceanografico D. Carlos I is a historical specimen, instrument, and docu-
ment collection that has been housed at the Aquario Vasco da Gama since 1935. The collection is largely
the result of several scientific campaigns conducted by Dom Carlos de Braganca between 1896 and 1907.

Specifically, the ichthyological collection consists of 675 surviving catalogue records of specimens caught,

Copyright Ana Serra Silva et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC
BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

138 Ana Serra Silva et al. / ZooKeys 752: 137-148 (2018)

acquired or offered to D. Carlos I between 1892 to 1907, and includes the type specimen for Odontaspis
nasutus Braganga, 1904 (junior synonym of Mitsukurina owstoni Jordan, 1898), along with several speci-
mens of deep sea species. All specimens were captured in coastal Portuguese waters, and were preserved in

alcohol, formalin, or mounted.

Keywords
Natural History collection, D. Carlos I, Animalia, Myxini, Petromyzonti, Elasmobranchii, Holocephali,

Actinopterygii, Occurrence, Portugal

Introduction

Dom Carlos I, king of Portugal and the father of Portuguese oceanography (Saldanha
1997, 2002), was an avid naturalist. He was heavily influenced by his love of the sea,
a love imparted by his father, D. Luis I, and also by the scientific explorations of his
friend Prince Albert I of Monaco (Carpine-Lancre and Saldanha 1992, Ceriaco 2014).
These influences, along with the many foreign scientific campaigns that crossed Por-
tuguese waters and the impact that greater oceanographic knowledge could have on
Portuguese fisheries, inspired D. Carlos I to organise a series of oceanographic cam-
paigns to study the bathymetry and fauna of the Portuguese coast (Braganga, 1897b).
These campaigns, undertaken between 1896 and 1907, resulted in many manuscripts,
but only four formal publications (Braganca 1897b, 1899b, 1902b, 1904b), and a
magnificent collection of marine animal specimens, some of which were displayed in
national and international exhibitions (Saldanha 1997).

The writings of D. Carlos I include eleven detailed annual reports of his oceano-
graphic campaigns (Braganca 1896, 1897a, 1898, 1899a, 1900, 1901, 1902a, 1903,
1904a, 1905, 1907), formally published in 1897 and 1902 (Braganca 1897b, 1902b),
one publication on the tuna fisheries in the Algarve (Braganca 1899b), and one on the
shark species captured along the Portuguese coast during the 1896-1903 campaigns
(Braganca 1904b).

In his reports, D. Carlos I described, in great detail, the programme and objec-
tives of each campaign, the sampling stations and materials used in each, their depth
and benthic characteristics, and listed the specimens collected (Braganca 1896,
1897a, 1898, 1899a, 1900, 1901, 1902a, 1903, 1904a, 1905, 1907). In his “Esqua-
los obtidos nas costas de Portugal durante as campanhas de 1896 a 1903” (Braganca
1904b), D. Carlos I catalogued all the shark species captured, their geographical
and bathymetric distribution, their systematic position, with the accepted scientific
name and synonyms, and their vernacular names (in both Portuguese and French).
D. Carlos I also described the morphological characteristics, length and coloration,
stomach contents, and the economic uses for each species. In addition, D. Carlos
also provided identification keys and an ecological classification for the collected
species. As well as this published work, D. Carlos I also left many manuscript notes
with similar information on other fish groups, possibly intended to serve as basis for

other publications (Saldanha 1997).

Ichthyological collection of the Museu Oceanografico D. Carlos I 139

The collection of the Museu Oceanografico D. Carlos I has been housed at the Aquario
Vasco da Gama (AVG) since 1935, but it comprises only a small fraction of the material
collected by D. Carlos, as many specimens were lost between the king’s assassination, in
1908, and the collection’s transfer to the AVG (Nobre 1935, Carpine-Lancre and Saldanha
1992). The collection is a result of the king's fastidious work, and exploration of Portugal's
distinctive underwater geography. Underwater canyons over 1000 m deep are as close as
5 nautical miles (9.26 Km) from the coast (Instituto Hidrografico 2008), resulting in the
occurrence of bathypelagic faunal assemblages close to shore. These geographical condi-
tions facilitated the capture of a large number of deep-sea species, including the holotype of
Odontaspis nasutus Braganga, 1904 (junior synonym of Mitsukurina owstoni Jordan, 1898).

The wider collection of the Museu Oceanografico D. Carlos I is made up of ich-
thyological, mammalian, ornithological, reptilian and a wide variety of invertebrate
specimens, along with scientific instruments, and a rich scientific library that includes
the king’s manuscripts and copies of his published works. ‘This collection is of incalcu-
lable historical and scientific value as it is one of the few surviving royal Natural Histo-
ry collections in Portugal, most of which were destroyed in a fire at the Museu Bocage
in 1978 (Alves et al. 2014, Cerfaco 2014). Of this material, ichthyological specimens
are the most numerous (675 records), and have the most data associated with them,
while also being extremely diverse and rich in rare deep-sea specimens.

Given the historical value of the collection and its wide faunal assemblage, a data-
set of the ichthyological specimens housed at the Museu Oceanografico D. Carlos I
was made available on the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) data portal.
This dataset established the first records of at least 184 species in Portuguese waters as
far back as the period between 1892 and 1907.

The objectives of the present paper are: (1) to present the existence and the compo-
sition of the ichthyological collection of the Museu Oceanografico D. Carlos I, which
comprises 675 records, captured between 1892 and 1907; and (2) to emphasise its
importance, not only because of its historical value, but also due to its diversity and the
rarity of some of the specimens within it. We also provide the historical context, and a
summary catalogue of the taxa in the collection, and highlight some notable specimens.

General description

The dataset is comprised of the ichthyological specimens from the collection of the
Museu Oceanografico D. Carlos I. These specimens consist of 675 catalogued records,
composed of 5 classes, 35 orders, 119 families, 196 genera, and 236 species. There
are between 590 and 600 specimens preserved in alcohol and formalin, and between
75 and 90 mounted specimens, collected between 1892 and 1907. Many specimens
have accompanying collection data in the king’s manuscripts. The records include
the holotype of Odontaspis nasutus Braganga, 1904 (junior synonym of Mitsukurina
owstoni Jordan, 1898), an exquisitely preserved Nemichthys scolopaceus Richardson,
1848, and a mounted specimen of Centrophorus lusitanicus Barbosa du Bocage & de

Brito Capello, 1864.

140 Ana Serra Silva et al. / ZooKeys 752: 137-148 (2018)

Project details

Project title: Revisio Taxondmica e Consolidagao dos Catalogos das Colegées Icti-
oldgicas do Aquario Vasco da Gama
Funding: No funding was required or used for this study.

Taxonomic coverage

General taxonomic coverage description: The collection comprises representatives of
the classes Myxini, Petromyzonti, Elasmobranchii, Holocephali and Actinopterygii, with
actinopterygians representing over 80% of all specimens (Figure 1). The classes Myxini,
Petromyzonti, and Holocephali are each represented by a single species, with a varying
number of specimens for each species. There are 30 genera and 38 species of elasmo-
branchs, from eight orders and 23 families. There are 163 genera and 192 species of actin-
opterygians, from 24 orders and 94 families, including Perciformes, which corresponds to
41% of the entire dataset (Figure 2). Figure 3 shows the temporal sampling profile of the
specimens, and the number of specimens per order. Of 675 records, 652 are identified to
the species or subspecies level, representing a total of 196 genera and 236 species.

Taxonomic ranks

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii, Elasmobranchii, Holocephali, Myxini, Petromyzonti

= Petromyzonti, 2, 0.3%

= Holocephali, 3, 0.4%

= Myxini, 4, 0.6%

= Elasmobranchii, 99, 14.7%
= Actinopterygii, 567, 84.0%

Figure |. Number and percentage of the classes represented in the dataset.

Ichthyological collection of the Museu Oceanografico D. Carlos I 141

Order: Anguilliformes, Atheriniformes, Aulopiformes, Batrachoidiformes, Be-
loniformes, Beryciformes, Carcharhiniformes, Chimaeriformes, Clupeiformes,
Gadiformes, Gobiesociformes, Hexanchiformes, Lamniformes, Lampriformes,
Lophiiformes, Myctophiformes, Myliobatiformes, Myxiniformes, Notacanthi-
formes, Ophidiiformes, Osmeriformes, Perciformes, Petromyzontiformes, Pleu-
ronectiformes, Rajiformes, Saccopharyngiformes, Scorpaeniformes, Squaliformes,
Squatiniformes, Stephanoberyciformes, Stomiiformes, Syngnathiformes, ‘Tetrao-
dontiformes, Torpediniformes, Zeiformes

a Myliobatiformes, 1, 0.1% = Notacanthiformes, 1, 0.1% = Saccopharyngiformes, 1,0.1% = Myctophiformes, 2, 0.3% = Petromyzontiformes, 2, 0.3%
= Squatiniformes, 2, 0.3% = Torpediniformes, 2, 0.3% = Atheriniformes, 3, 0.4% = Chimaeriformes, 3, 0.4% = Zeiformes, 3, 0.4%

= Batrachoidiformes, 4, 0.6% = Hexanchiformes, 4, 0.6% = Myxiniformes, 4, 0.6% a Stephanoberyciformes, 4,0.6% = Aulopiformes, 5, 0.7%

= Gobiesociformes, 5, 0.7% = Clupeiformes, 6, 0.9% = Lophiiformes, 6, 0.9% = Ophidiiformes, 6, 0.9% = Osmeriformes, 7, 1.0%

= Beloniformes, 8, 1.2% = Stomiiformes, 8, 1.2% = Beryciformes, 11, 1.6% = Lampriformes, 11, 1.6% = Rajiformes, 11, 1.6%

= Lamniformes, 12, 1.8% = Tetraodontiformes, 12, 1.8% = Anguilliformes, 15, 2.2% © Syngnathiformes, 21, 3.1% = Carcharhiniformes, 29, 4.3%
= Squaliformes, 38, 5.7% = Gadiformes, 44, 6.5% = Scorpaeniformes, 48, 7.1% = Pleuronectiformes, 56, 8.3% = Perciformes, 277, 41.2%

Figure 2. Number and percentage of the orders represented in the dataset. Only the orders with at least
15 specimens are labelled.

142 Ana Serra Silva et al. / ZooKeys 752: 137-148 (2018)

Family: Alepisauridae, Alepocephalidae, Alopiidae, Ammodytidae, Anguillidae, Anten-
nariidae, Argentinidae, Atherinidae, Aulopidae, Balistidae, Batrachoididae, Belo-
nidae, Berycidae, Blenniidae, Bothidae, Bramidae, Callionymidae, Caproidae, Ca-
rangidae, Carapidae, Carcharhinidae, Caristiidae, Centracanthidae, Centriscidae,
Centrolophidae, Centrophoridae, Cepolidae, Cetorhinidae, Chaunacidae, Chiasmo-
dontidae, Chimaeridae, Chlamydoselachidae, Citharidae, Clinidae, Clupeidae, Con-
gridae, Cottidae, Cynoglossidae, Dalatiidae, Diodontidae, Echeneidae, Echinorhi-
nidae, Epigonidae, Etmopteridae, Gadidae, Gempylidae, Gobiesocidae, Gobiidae,
Gonostomatidae, Haemulidae, Hexanchidae, Himantolophidae, Labridae, Lamni-
dae, Lampridae, Lophiidae, Lotidae, Macrouridae, Melamphaidae, Merlucciidae,
Mitsukurinidae, Molidae, Moridae, Moronidae, Mugilidae, Mullidae, Muraenidae,
Myctophidae, Myliobatidae, Myxinidae, Nemichthyidae, Nomeidae, Notacanthidae,

240

Petromyzontiformes (2)
Myxiniformes (4)
Chimaeriformes (3)
Torpediniformes (2)
Squatiniformes (2)
Squaliformes (36)
Rajiformes (11)
Myliobatiformes (1)
Lamniformes (10)
Hexanchiformes (4)
Carcharhiniformes (28)
Zeiformes (2)
Tetraodontiformes (8)
Syngnathiformes (15)
Stomiiformes (8)
Stephanoberyciformes (4)
Scorpaeniformes (31)
Saccopharyngiformes (1)
Pleuronectiformes (35)
Perciformes (224)
Osmeriformes (7)
Ophidiiformes (5)
Notacanthiformes (1)
Myctophiformes (2)
Lophiiformes (4)
Lampriformes (9)
Gobiesociformes (5)
Gadiformes (42)
Clupeiformes (6)
Beryciformes (10)
Beloniformes (8)
Batrachoidiformes (4)
Aulopiformes (5)

- Atheriniformes (1)
Anguilliformes (12)

200

160

Count
120

80

40

1890 1895 1900 1905 #1910
Year
Figure 3. Temporal profile of the sampling years of the specimens held in the ichthyological collection.

Blue dots represent sampling years for each order, for which, in parentheses, the number of specimens is

provided. The red curve shows the number of specimens collected per year.

Ichthyological collection of the Museu Oceanografico D. Carlos I 143

Ophichthidae, Ophidiidae, Oxynotidae, Peristediidae, Petromyzontidae, Phycidae,
Polyprionidae, Pomacanthidae, Pomacentridae, Pomatomidae, Pseudotriakidae, Ra-
jidae, Regalecidae, Rhinobatidae, Saccopharyngidae, Sciaenidae, Scomberesocidae,
Scombridae, Scophthalmidae, Scorpaenidae, Scyliorhinidae, Sebastidae, Serranidae,
Soleidae, Somniosidae, Sparidae, Sphyraenidae, Sphyrnidae, Squalidae, Squatini-
dae, Sternoptychidae, Stomiidae, Stromateidae, Synaphobranchidae, Syngnathidae,
Tetraodontidae, Torpedinidae, Trachichthyidae, Trachinidae, Trachipteridae, Triaki-
dae, Trichiuridae, Triglidae, Uranoscopidae, Xiphiidae, Zeidae

Spatial coverage

General spatial coverage: The bulk of the specimens were collected at the mouth of
the rivers Tagus and Sado, and in the bays of Cascais and Sesimbra, usually within 50
nautical miles of the coast. The collection also features several specimens caught on
the Algarve coast, a handful of specimens from the coast north of the Cabo da Roca,
and one specimen tentatively identified as being from the Azores. The sampling depths
range from surface level to 1875 m deep. Most specimens were captured within the
polygon defined by the following coordinates: 36°42'14"N and 42°17'38"N latitude;
10°43'22"W and 6°11'45"W longitude (Figure 4).

12.0°W

Figure 4. Geographic area covered by the collection (in darker blue). Plots indicate sites for the 29 geo-
referenced records.

144 Ana Serra Silva et al. / ZooKeys 752: 137-148 (2018)

Temporal coverage

July 18, 1892—June 8, 1907

Natural collections description

Collection name: Colecao do Museu Oceanografico D. Carlos I

Collection identifier: bf52e001-eb74-42 1e-9d51-157d6eb5a358

Specimen preservation method: Alcohol, Formalin, Mounted

Curatorial unit: Between 590 and 600 jars, between 60 and 70 mounted speci-
mens, and 16 jaws

Methods

Method step description: The ichthyological collection of the Museu Oceanografico
D. Carlos I was first catalogued for publication by Gongalves (1942). That publica-
tion consisted of the first taxonomic check list since the collection moved to the AVG
(Goncalves 1942). Between 1942 and the present day only minor synonymic revisions
have been made and noted in the card catalogue, with the exception of the Blenniidae,
which were re-identified and described by Almeida (1981). More recently, an elec-
tronic catalogue was created as an Excel (Microsoft, Washington, USA, 2010) spread
sheet, without systematic synonymy revision as it encompassed all the collections and
taxa housed in the AVG.

The first step of the current revision project was to isolate ichthyological records
from the electronic catalogue, and check them for synonymy using both FishBase
(Froese and Pauly 2017) and the Catalogue of Fishes (Eschmeyer et al. 2017). The
revised electronic catalogue was then cross-checked with the card catalogue and
Gongalves (1942) for collection date and location, depth of collection, and species
name. If species names did not match the currently accepted name or the synonym
used in the first electronic catalogue, they were re-checked for synonymy. When the
card and electronic catalogue both had accepted, but different, species names, or
the synonyms did not belong to the same valid taxon, the records were flagged for
further identification.

Once catalogue crosschecking was complete, specimen labels were compared to
the final electronic catalogue, both to confirm the information and to check the loca-
tion of the specimens. The crosschecking process also identified two mislabelled elas-
mobranch specimens, which were identified using Compagno’s Sharks of the World
(1984). When mismatches were found, the information in the catalogue was substi-
tuted with the information from the specimen labels, including species names.

Ichthyological collection of the Museu Oceanografico D. Carlos I 145

The last step in the creation of the electronic catalogue was to resolve naming
inconsistencies. First, the species identification present on labels was checked for syn-
onymy. Once valid names had been identified, the species range for each valid taxon
was ascertained using FishBase (Froese and Pauly 2017). If one of the ranges was in-
congruent with the collection locality, the concordant species name was chosen for
each record. If both ranges were congruent with the collection locality, the specimens
were re-identified by the authors.

For publication purposes, the records pertaining to the collection of the Museu
Oceanografico D. Carlos I were extracted from the electronic catalogue and trans-
formed into a DarwinCore compatible Excel (Microsoft, Washington, 2016) spread
sheet. The dataset was enriched with collection data taken from the king’s records of his
oceanographic campaigns (Braganca 1896, 1897a, 1898, 1899a, 1900, 1901, 1902a,
1903, 1904a, 1905, 1907). The additional data included navigational bearings, depth
ranges, and sampling methods.

Study extent description: The specimens belonging to D. Carlos’s ichthyological
collection can be divided in three non-taxonomical groups: specimens caught during
the king’s oceanographic campaigns, specimens caught by the king outside the cam-
paigns, and those offered to the king. These groups vary in collection data complete-
ness, with the specimens captured during oceanographic campaigns generally having
the most information, including navigational bearings and collection depths, and
those offered to D. Carlos having the least information attached to them, some have
only the collection locality or purchase location. However, all specimens were captured
in Portuguese coastal waters, and those caught by the king were captured mostly in the
area between the Cabo da Roca and Settibal, and some in the Algarve. The specimens
were captured year-round, between 1892 and 1907, but the oceanographic campaigns
were usually held in the spring and summer months, from 1896 to 1907.

Sampling description: The specimens were caught using a variety of fishing nets,
lines and traps (cévo). The line fishing methods included longline fishing (espinhel) and
angling. The fishing nets used range from bottom and midwater trawls to dragnets. Tra-
ditional fishing techniques may also have been used, as some specimens were bought in
markets or offered by fishermen, but there is no specific additional information in these
cases. Nonetheless, there is record of at least one specimen being harpooned.

Quality control description: The validity of species’ names was checked using both
FishBase (Froese and Pauly 2017) and the Catalogue of Fishes (Eschmeyer et al. 2017).
Synonymy was checked across all three catalogues, if incongruences were found between
catalogues the earliest name on record was used for disambiguation. If the names used in
the earliest catalogue did not resolve the nomenclatural inconsistency, geographical ranges
of the species were checked and used to assign the currently accepted species name. When
these steps were insufficient to identify the correct species, the authors proceeded to a
more thorough re-identification of the specimens. Lastly, for mislabelled elasmobranch
specimens, the identification keys in Sharks of the World (Compagno 1984) were used.

146 Ana Serra Silva et al. / ZooKeys 752: 137-148 (2018)

Datasets

Dataset description

Object name: Darwin Core Archive Ichthyological Collection of the Museu Oceanogra-
fico do Rei D. Carlos I

Character encoding: UTF-8

Format name: Darwin Core Archive format

Format version: 1.0

Distribution: http://ipt.gbif.pt/ipt/archive.do?r=codc

Publication date of data: 2017-05-22

Language: Portuguese

Licences of use: Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License

Metadata language: English

Date of metadata creation: 2017-04-11

Hierarchy level: Dataset

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Paula Sousa from the Aquario Vasco da Gama for helping
with the specimens’ label verification and location. We also thank Patrick Reis Santos,
from MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciéncias,
Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal and School of Biological Sciences, University of Ad-
elaide, Australia, and Nathan Kenny, from the Natural History Museum, London,
United Kingdom, for proof-reading our manuscript. Lastly, we would like to thank
André Esguicero, whose comments contributed to the improvement of the manuscript
originally submitted.

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